Economic, Environmental And Social Aspect Of...

Synopsis Introduction Site Comparison Each site location has its pros and cons in terms of economic, environmental and social aspect of sustainability. Since this is a building site for University of Calgary to showcase sustainability, it is important that the building itself is sustainable. Various of criteria will be set in correspondence to these three aspects of sustainability to quantify the sustainable value of each site. Environmental Sustainability Figure 1. Site 1 Flood Zone and Green Area Figure 2. Site 2 Flood Zone and Green Area Figure 3. Site 3 Flood Zone and Green Area Flood Zone Flooding from the river is one of the key natural disaster that Calgary faces, hence, one of the major concerns of the sustainability of this building is whether the site is situated within the flood zone. Per the Province of Alberta Flood Hazard Map (See Appendix A), the flood line of each location is mapped in Figure 1, 2, and 3. From that, we can conclude that site 2 will not be affected by the flood, whereas site 1 is situated very close to the flood line and site 3 completely overlaps with it, which may not be the optimal site. APPENDIX A of FLOOD MAP Green Area The quality of air and the accessibility to green area is a key factor to the environmental sustainability of this building. Areas of public parks and green spaces are mapped in green in the figures above (1). Site 1 arguably has the least amount of green space. There are two city parks located withinShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Planning And Restoration Section1179 Words   |  5 Pages2015 CRPLAN 6410 Paper 2 – Environmental Planning Restoration The environmental planning and restoration section in the Wheeler and Beatley (2014) book incorporates elements of sustainable development, and includes readings on biophilic cities, environmental restoration, and landscape ecological urbanism. 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Race And Class The American Criminal Justice System

Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System In the article â€Å"Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System† by David Cole the inequality within the United State s Criminal Justice System is summarized. David Cole is a graduate from Yale University where he has received his law and bachelor’s degree. He specializes in many different fields of Criminal Justice, and is a fairly well known writer regarding legal affairs and political actions like civil liberties and national security. David Cole writes the article â€Å"Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System† based on his views that the justice system to this current day, continues acts of inequality in every criminal case. I picked David Cole s article to write about because I would like a job somewhere in the field of Criminal Justice. The author s view on inequality in the American Criminal Justice System is mainly based on the court case of O. J. 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The birth of white privilege and segregation of African Americans aided in creating Jim Crow policies and in the criminal justice and political spheres. American society is still systematized around preserving and safeguarding white privilege. The uneven path America took toward emancipation

Origin of Life Spontaneous Generation

Question: Discuss about the Origin of Life for Spontaneous Generation. Answer: Introduction In this world, it is taken human as the most talented species who has brain and have the capacity to utilize it. The earth is supporting life by providing a suitable environment for its growth and survival. Thinking about life on earth, the question always arises that how life started on earth, how the first cell that came to origin. The curiosity to know the possible answers many researchers did experiments on it and made models based on the circumstances. Scientists are trying to prove the actual reason of origin since the 17th century but till now there is no accurate and proved model about the origin. The model of spontaneous generation proposed by Aristotle was accepted as the base of the study till the 19th century. According to this model, one life form is derived from different forms (Oparin., 2003). Many ideas came to existence from the model and many artists drew many conceptual things based on the origin of life. Many questions arose on the concept of the model and many experiments done on it and in 1680s this model was proven wrong. Next came the Etymology model proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley according to which a life can be originated from a previous living organism and proposed the word biogenesis and also from a non-living matter and proposed it as Abiogenesis (Biogenesis Hmolpedia., n.a). After him Louis Pasteur and Charles Darwin tried to prove that the life came from different part of the universe which was again proved wrong by a letter written by Darwin in which he had written that instead of thinking how life came to existence, the focus should be on how matter formed. He wrote that from many results of the experiments he can assume that life may have formed here from many inorganic elements inside a small warm pool (Koonin, E.V. and Martin, W., 2005: 647-654). Next came the most important one, i.e. Primordial Soup hypothesis, which was proposed by Alexander Oparin and supported by the Miller-Urey Experiment (Vaneechoutte, and Fani., 2009: 437-440). According to this hypothesis, the following points can be concluded: The previous earths atmosphere is a type of chemically reducing. When this reactive atmosphere got exposed to various forms of energy, it formed simple organic compounds. These simple organic compounds get collected in a soup concentrated in various places of earth. Further by reacting and collaborating. Complexity of the matters increased and organic polymers were formed and then life came to existence ultimately. Even after so many experiments and evidences provided, there is none which can be taken as the proven one. In the following study we are going to see what the most relevant theories are and how the actual existence of life occurred. Current Accepted Models Even if there are no proved model for the existence of life, the most excepted one is the model proposed by Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane which is related to the molecular and chemical synthesis of life. According to this theory, the first cell came from many slow processes of the synthesis of the molecules naturally. The researchers proposed that, at the early ages, the Earth may consists of a chemically reducing atmosphere which consists largely of methane, water, carbon dioxide or monoxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and phosphate and scarcely or in negligible amount of molecular oxygen and ozone. This model was supported by the Miller-Urey experiment which showed the formation of the basic molecules like amino acids by electrifying the atmosphere composition proposed by Oparin and Haldane (Wickramasinghe., 2014). But later, after death of Miller, it was found that from the original experiment, 20 more amino acids were formed apart from the 20 existing in life. Taking this into base many advanced experiments were done to find out that the composition of earth atmosphere at that time was different and it was not as reactive as stated by the above mentioned model. Figure 1: Schematic presentation of Urey-Miller experiment set up In 1967, Bernal advocated that the origin of life (biopoiesis) occurred in three stages: Beginning of the bio monomers. Formation of bio polymers Transformation from molecules to cells. Modern scientists are also working on it to find out what are the possibility of this model to be correct. Derivation of organic molecules chemically Many study says that the complex molecules both organic and inorganic are formed in planets and space naturally. If this is considered then there are two possible ways, by which earth got the molecules. Terrestrial Origins: molecules are synthesized on the surface of the earth due to the impact of the shocks or any other source of energy. Extra-terrestrial Origins: interstellar dust clouds holding the formation of the organic molecules and then it rain on earth (Davis, and McKay., 1996:61-73). If the first molecule is formed from one of these process then it must be sure because of the Late Heavy Bombardment which made way for the processes to be carried out on the earth surface. The estimations of scientists shows that if it is a case of the Late Heavy Bombardment then it must have pasteurized the earth to tens of meter deep (Kaufman., 2011). Due to this the heated and sterilized oceanic crust produces a lot more amount of organics than the products from the Miller-Urey experiments. Everett Shock found that a deep far hypothermal vent consists of vast amount of thermodynamic force to produce organic compounds. According to Shock, the energy available in the vent can be measured to a maximum of about 100-150 degree Celsius which is a favourable condition for the survival and reproduction of the hyper thermophiles bacteria and hyper acidophilic archaea. These two are estimated to be the second phase after the Last Universal Common Ancestor. Experimental evidence of formation of biomolecules from inorganic compounds Self-replication (reproduction) and self-organisations are the attributes of living beings. Such features of self-replication and self-organisation has been observed in simple organic molecule i.e. RNA. Considering the fact that virus which are non-living until and unless they infect the host cell, once they get into the host cell they utilizes the host cell machinery to replicate themselves. These two facts supports the hypothesis of origin of life from self-replicating molecules. At places, even now there are several sources providing the necessary physical conditions to support the reactions of inorganic molecules to form organic molecules. Such as iron-sulphur surfaces nearer the hydrothermal vents can form biomolecules (Sivaram., 2004). Nitrogenous bases of nucleic acid can be formed from formamide, which can be formed by reaction between HCN and water. Also the simplest amino acid derived from it. Even heating ammonium cyanide in water can create adenine, which is a purine base. Similar many other possible reactions of inorganic molecules to form organic molecules have been found also it is important to note that, each reaction pathway is contrasting to other, such as formation of purines from HCN both at low and high temperature. Miller group reported that seven different amino acids and 11 types of nucleon-bases were formed in ice when ammonia and cyanide were stored in a freezer for 25 years. Others researches also have reported the formation of unusual bases upon co-incubation of ammonia and cyanide at low temperature conditions. Eutectic freezing is a possible explanation for such reactions (Bada., 2004:1-15). At freezing temperature water starts to form ice and under such conditions the water molecules comes closer to each other and packs itself into a lattice packing. During this process the soluble and insoluble impurities in water comes closer in the pockets inside the ice, where they can collide and stay under tremendous pressure. This conditions would also have favoured for formation of biomolecules. At present researchers supports the hypothesis that, at early stages the earth atmosphere was neutral or slightly reducing, which is contrasting to the earlier consensus of a complete reducing atmosphere. So under such conditions the products of Urey-Miller experiment will further reduce, however other researchers have reported the formation of several amino acids by reaction of carbonate and water in presence of iron. Few other groups of researchers have focused their studies on highly reducing environment. Recently it was found that cyanosulfidic array of reaction in presence of hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, in presence of water and UV light can produce several amino acids, lipids components and ribonucleic acids. Self-organizing and Self-replicating molecules From the above discussions, it can be inferred that the origin of biomolecules on earth were from inorganic sources. Now the question arise, how the components of complex bio macromolecules polymerized to form proteins, RNA and DNA. Perhaps organic polymers such as polypeptides, were synthesized and accumulated on rock or clay surfaces, provided the environment was hot and dry enough, the water molecule can be lost and amino acids can join (Irwin, and Schulze-Makuch., 2010). According to the research of Chen and Szostak, essential cellular behaviours can rise from physicochemical properties of the basic protocells. Such important and cooperative behaviours of the membranes and the contents encapsulated can led to the transformation to true cells from replicating molecules (Chen., 2006:1558-1559). Further there will be formation of stabilized membranes which will put forward the crosslinking advantages of fatty acids and phospholipids. The micro encapsulation will prevent the passing of large molecules through it but will help in the exchange of smaller molecules. It will also help in the solubility and retention of energy as electrochemical gradient. Based on the above suggestions many discussion and experiments were done. In 2012, a study proposed by Armen Y Mulkidjanian, states that condensed and cooled inland pools and geothermal vapour procures an ideal ability for life origin (Switek., 2012:1038). RNA synthesis and replication According to the RNA world, the early Earth consists of RNA proteins having the characteristics of being catalytic and self-replicating but no DNA molecules. According to this, the present world is fully descendent from the concept of RNA world (Zimmer., 2014). After many experiments, the researchers were bound to think if RNA molecules had the ability to catalyse their replication. But to perform such replication, the presence of boron, oxygen and molybdenum is required which are present in Mars rather than in Earth at that time. And if the RNA world is true than the life originating molecules must have been transferred to Earth during the meteor ejections. RNA played an important role in the formation of the life and the factors supporting this are the special feature of RNA to act as a self-catalyse and self-storage of information. Many scientists were able to form small RNA molecules which are capable of replication in labs. Szostak was successful to show that some RNA molecules having the catalytic characteristics join the smaller RNA sequences to replicate (Szostak., 2008:11-29). Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that scientists are unsuccessful to find a proven theory about the origin of life in the earth. There are many theories prevailing related to the origin of life out of which some are just imaginary and cannot be possible in the earths environment and some are almost true but not totally true. Apart from all the theories discussed above some other theories like Big Bang theory, Iron sulphur world, Zn world hypothesis, clay hypothesis etc. are present which different scientists have proposed according to their study. As earth has changed a lot from its early self, so it was quite difficult to get the exact scenario of the origin of life. Still scientists are trying their best to get the accurate things that happened and they had been successful to a great extend but their destination is quite far away from them. From all above readings it can be concluded that, at first there were very reactive gases prevailing in Earth and then started reducing reactively due to the energy sources came from the Late Heavy Bombardment. From the non-organic molecules, organic molecules were formed such as amino acids and from them the RNA molecules were formed. These RNA molecules were self-replicating and self-catalysing which led to the evolution of the organic cells. This is the most estimated theory of life origin. Since it is not proven as the ultimate one, scientists are trying their best to find out the correct one. References Oparin, A.I., 2003. The origin of life. Courier Corporation. "Biogenesis - Hmolpedia". Eoht.info. N.p., 2016. Web. 18 Aug. 2016. Bada, J.L., 2004. How life began on Earth: a status report. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 226(1), pp.1-15. Chen, I.A., 2006. The emergence of cells during the origin of life. Science, 314(5805), pp.1558-1559. Davis, W.L. and McKay, C.P., 1996. Origins of life: a comparison of theories and application to Mars. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 26(1), pp.61-73. Irwin, L.N. and Schulze-Makuch, D., 2010. Cosmic biology: How life could evolve on other worlds. Springer Science Business Media. Kaufman, M., 2011. First contact: scientific breakthroughs in the hunt for life beyond Earth. Simon and Schuster. Koonin, E.V. and Martin, W., 2005. On the origin of genomes and cells within inorganic compartments. TRENDS in Genetics, 21(12), pp.647-654. Sivaram, C., 2004. Introduction to astrobiology. Universities Press. Switek, B., 2012. Debate bubbles over the origin of life. Nature. doi, 10, p.1038. Szostak, J.W., 2008. The origins of function in biological nucleic acids, proteins, and membranes. HHMI. Retrieved on, pp.11-29. Vaneechoutte, M. and Fani, R., 2009. From the primordial soup to the latest universal common ancestor. Research in microbiology, 160(7), pp.437-440. Wickramasinghe, C., 2014. The search for our cosmic ancestry. World Scientific. Zimmer, C., 2014. A Tiny Emissary From the Ancient Past. New York Times.

Macbeth Symbolism Essays (1579 words) - English-language Films

Macbeth Symbolism With its eye-opening plot and interesting cast of characters, William Shakespeare's play, Macbeth is one of the greatest works one could ever read. But, above all, the aspect of the play is most impressive and overwhelming with imagery and symbolism that Shakespeare so brilliantly uses. Throughout the play , the author depicts various types of imagery and symbolism instances that , eventually , lead to the downfall of the main character , Macbeth. Instances of imagery and symbolism are seen throughout the play. Imagery and symbolism are unavoidable features in William Shakespeare's Macbeth. One of the most prominent symbolic factors in the play is the presence of blood. It has been noted that the presence of blood "increases the feelings or fear , horror , and pain" (Spurgeon , Pg. 20). From the appearance of the bloody sergeant in the second scene of the to the very last scene , there is a continued vision of blood all throughout the play. The imagery of blood seems to affect almost all the characters in the play. It affects Lady Macbeth in the scene in which she is found sleepwalking talking to herself after the murders of Duncan and Banquo : "Here's the smell of the blood still. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand." [V. i. 50-1] Also , the blood imagery is present in the "weird sisters" , or witches. Most evidently , it is present in act four , scene one , when Macbeth visits the witches to seek their insight and his fortune for the future. He is shown three apparitions , one of which is a bloody child that commands him to "Be bloody , bold and resolute : laugh to scorn..." [IV. i. 79] Although blood imagery deals with almost all the characters of the play , no where is it more profound than with the protagonist himself , Macbeth. In the very beginning of the play , it is reported by the sergeant that Macbeth and Banquo are "[bathing] in reeking wounds." [I. ii. 42] Again , blood is found haunting Macbeth in act two , scene one of the play , in which a visionary dagger is stained with "gouts of blood." In the same act and scene , after the murder Duncan , Macbeth cries declares that nothing , even "great Neptune's oceans" , will be able to cleanse the blood that stains his hand : "Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No , this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine , making the green one red." [II. ii. 58-60] Next , the image of blood is induced when Macbeth calls upon the "bloody and invisible hand" of night to help the murderers he has hired carry out their assassination of Banquo and his son , Fleance. Then , Macbeth realizes that "blood will have blood" and that his murderous plots will all come to and end with his death. Finally , at the end of the banquet scene , Macbeth confesses that he is "in blood , stepp'd in so far that , should [he] wade no more , returning [would be] as tedious as to go o'er." [III. iv. 136-7] Through all these instances of blood symbolism and imagery , it is obvious that "Macbeth is about blood." (Muir , Pg. 271 ) Yet another form of symbolism used in the play is that of unnaturalness. Throughout the work , it is used in the constant referral to Macbeth's crime of murder and emphasizes the fact it is not natural and , in turn , is a"convulsion of nature." (Spurgeon , Pg. 20) Although powerful , the idea of unnaturalness occurs mostly in one part of the play , immediately before and after the murder of Duncan. Macbeth , obviously bothered by the act that he had just committed , states how Duncan's wounds "look'd like a breach in nature for ruin's wasteful entrance." [II. iii. 118] Then , Macbeth continues on by saying that he had "murdered sleep" , another unnatural occurrence, "I heard a voice cry , ?Sleep no more! Macbeth does murther sleep...Glamis hath murder'd sleep , and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more. Macbeth shall sleep no more.'" [II. ii. 26-36] Next , the unnatural events of the night continue when Macduff and Lenox , Duncan's sons , tell Macbeth of the "strange events" of the night, "The night has been unruly. Where we lay , our chimneys