Economic, Environmental And Social Aspect Of...

Synopsis Introduction Site Comparison Each site location has its pros and cons in terms of economic, environmental and social aspect of sustainability. Since this is a building site for University of Calgary to showcase sustainability, it is important that the building itself is sustainable. Various of criteria will be set in correspondence to these three aspects of sustainability to quantify the sustainable value of each site. Environmental Sustainability Figure 1. Site 1 Flood Zone and Green Area Figure 2. Site 2 Flood Zone and Green Area Figure 3. Site 3 Flood Zone and Green Area Flood Zone Flooding from the river is one of the key natural disaster that Calgary faces, hence, one of the major concerns of the sustainability of this building is whether the site is situated within the flood zone. Per the Province of Alberta Flood Hazard Map (See Appendix A), the flood line of each location is mapped in Figure 1, 2, and 3. 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Race And Class The American Criminal Justice System

Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System In the article â€Å"Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System† by David Cole the inequality within the United State s Criminal Justice System is summarized. David Cole is a graduate from Yale University where he has received his law and bachelor’s degree. He specializes in many different fields of Criminal Justice, and is a fairly well known writer regarding legal affairs and political actions like civil liberties and national security. David Cole writes the article â€Å"Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System† based on his views that the justice system to this current day, continues acts of inequality in every criminal case. I picked David Cole s article to write about because I would like a job somewhere in the field of Criminal Justice. The author s view on inequality in the American Criminal Justice System is mainly based on the court case of O. J. Simpson where the jury cons isted of nine African American citizens, two Caucasian Citizens, and one Hispanic citizen. In David Cole s article he mentions that O. J. Simpson is tried for double murder, the evidence admitted into the court includes DNA evidence of Simpson s blood at the scene of the crime, and DNA evidence of the victim s blood in Simpson s car and house. The majority African American jury denied all evidence and voted O. J Simpson not guilty, and accused the police of planting the evidence at the crime scenes. According to DavidShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Race On America Today1429 Words   |  6 PagesThe Affects of Race in America Today By, Alex Peterson Soc 420 Final Racial oppression and racism have been an issue seen throughout the history of the United States. During the 60’s the era of the Civil Rights movement Americans saw advances in racial equality. This seems to have created a notion throughout the United States that racism was not an issue for many years. 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The birth of white privilege and segregation of African Americans aided in creating Jim Crow policies and in the criminal justice and political spheres. American society is still systematized around preserving and safeguarding white privilege. The uneven path America took toward emancipation

Origin of Life Spontaneous Generation

Question: Discuss about the Origin of Life for Spontaneous Generation. Answer: Introduction In this world, it is taken human as the most talented species who has brain and have the capacity to utilize it. The earth is supporting life by providing a suitable environment for its growth and survival. Thinking about life on earth, the question always arises that how life started on earth, how the first cell that came to origin. The curiosity to know the possible answers many researchers did experiments on it and made models based on the circumstances. Scientists are trying to prove the actual reason of origin since the 17th century but till now there is no accurate and proved model about the origin. The model of spontaneous generation proposed by Aristotle was accepted as the base of the study till the 19th century. According to this model, one life form is derived from different forms (Oparin., 2003). Many ideas came to existence from the model and many artists drew many conceptual things based on the origin of life. Many questions arose on the concept of the model and many experiments done on it and in 1680s this model was proven wrong. Next came the Etymology model proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley according to which a life can be originated from a previous living organism and proposed the word biogenesis and also from a non-living matter and proposed it as Abiogenesis (Biogenesis Hmolpedia., n.a). After him Louis Pasteur and Charles Darwin tried to prove that the life came from different part of the universe which was again proved wrong by a letter written by Darwin in which he had written that instead of thinking how life came to existence, the focus should be on how matter formed. He wrote that from many results of the experiments he can assume that life may have formed here from many inorganic elements inside a small warm pool (Koonin, E.V. and Martin, W., 2005: 647-654). Next came the most important one, i.e. Primordial Soup hypothesis, which was proposed by Alexander Oparin and supported by the Miller-Urey Experiment (Vaneechoutte, and Fani., 2009: 437-440). According to this hypothesis, the following points can be concluded: The previous earths atmosphere is a type of chemically reducing. When this reactive atmosphere got exposed to various forms of energy, it formed simple organic compounds. These simple organic compounds get collected in a soup concentrated in various places of earth. Further by reacting and collaborating. Complexity of the matters increased and organic polymers were formed and then life came to existence ultimately. Even after so many experiments and evidences provided, there is none which can be taken as the proven one. In the following study we are going to see what the most relevant theories are and how the actual existence of life occurred. Current Accepted Models Even if there are no proved model for the existence of life, the most excepted one is the model proposed by Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane which is related to the molecular and chemical synthesis of life. According to this theory, the first cell came from many slow processes of the synthesis of the molecules naturally. The researchers proposed that, at the early ages, the Earth may consists of a chemically reducing atmosphere which consists largely of methane, water, carbon dioxide or monoxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and phosphate and scarcely or in negligible amount of molecular oxygen and ozone. This model was supported by the Miller-Urey experiment which showed the formation of the basic molecules like amino acids by electrifying the atmosphere composition proposed by Oparin and Haldane (Wickramasinghe., 2014). But later, after death of Miller, it was found that from the original experiment, 20 more amino acids were formed apart from the 20 existing in life. Taking this into base many advanced experiments were done to find out that the composition of earth atmosphere at that time was different and it was not as reactive as stated by the above mentioned model. Figure 1: Schematic presentation of Urey-Miller experiment set up In 1967, Bernal advocated that the origin of life (biopoiesis) occurred in three stages: Beginning of the bio monomers. Formation of bio polymers Transformation from molecules to cells. Modern scientists are also working on it to find out what are the possibility of this model to be correct. Derivation of organic molecules chemically Many study says that the complex molecules both organic and inorganic are formed in planets and space naturally. If this is considered then there are two possible ways, by which earth got the molecules. Terrestrial Origins: molecules are synthesized on the surface of the earth due to the impact of the shocks or any other source of energy. Extra-terrestrial Origins: interstellar dust clouds holding the formation of the organic molecules and then it rain on earth (Davis, and McKay., 1996:61-73). If the first molecule is formed from one of these process then it must be sure because of the Late Heavy Bombardment which made way for the processes to be carried out on the earth surface. The estimations of scientists shows that if it is a case of the Late Heavy Bombardment then it must have pasteurized the earth to tens of meter deep (Kaufman., 2011). Due to this the heated and sterilized oceanic crust produces a lot more amount of organics than the products from the Miller-Urey experiments. Everett Shock found that a deep far hypothermal vent consists of vast amount of thermodynamic force to produce organic compounds. According to Shock, the energy available in the vent can be measured to a maximum of about 100-150 degree Celsius which is a favourable condition for the survival and reproduction of the hyper thermophiles bacteria and hyper acidophilic archaea. These two are estimated to be the second phase after the Last Universal Common Ancestor. Experimental evidence of formation of biomolecules from inorganic compounds Self-replication (reproduction) and self-organisations are the attributes of living beings. Such features of self-replication and self-organisation has been observed in simple organic molecule i.e. RNA. Considering the fact that virus which are non-living until and unless they infect the host cell, once they get into the host cell they utilizes the host cell machinery to replicate themselves. These two facts supports the hypothesis of origin of life from self-replicating molecules. At places, even now there are several sources providing the necessary physical conditions to support the reactions of inorganic molecules to form organic molecules. Such as iron-sulphur surfaces nearer the hydrothermal vents can form biomolecules (Sivaram., 2004). Nitrogenous bases of nucleic acid can be formed from formamide, which can be formed by reaction between HCN and water. Also the simplest amino acid derived from it. Even heating ammonium cyanide in water can create adenine, which is a purine base. Similar many other possible reactions of inorganic molecules to form organic molecules have been found also it is important to note that, each reaction pathway is contrasting to other, such as formation of purines from HCN both at low and high temperature. Miller group reported that seven different amino acids and 11 types of nucleon-bases were formed in ice when ammonia and cyanide were stored in a freezer for 25 years. Others researches also have reported the formation of unusual bases upon co-incubation of ammonia and cyanide at low temperature conditions. Eutectic freezing is a possible explanation for such reactions (Bada., 2004:1-15). At freezing temperature water starts to form ice and under such conditions the water molecules comes closer to each other and packs itself into a lattice packing. During this process the soluble and insoluble impurities in water comes closer in the pockets inside the ice, where they can collide and stay under tremendous pressure. This conditions would also have favoured for formation of biomolecules. At present researchers supports the hypothesis that, at early stages the earth atmosphere was neutral or slightly reducing, which is contrasting to the earlier consensus of a complete reducing atmosphere. So under such conditions the products of Urey-Miller experiment will further reduce, however other researchers have reported the formation of several amino acids by reaction of carbonate and water in presence of iron. Few other groups of researchers have focused their studies on highly reducing environment. Recently it was found that cyanosulfidic array of reaction in presence of hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, in presence of water and UV light can produce several amino acids, lipids components and ribonucleic acids. Self-organizing and Self-replicating molecules From the above discussions, it can be inferred that the origin of biomolecules on earth were from inorganic sources. Now the question arise, how the components of complex bio macromolecules polymerized to form proteins, RNA and DNA. Perhaps organic polymers such as polypeptides, were synthesized and accumulated on rock or clay surfaces, provided the environment was hot and dry enough, the water molecule can be lost and amino acids can join (Irwin, and Schulze-Makuch., 2010). According to the research of Chen and Szostak, essential cellular behaviours can rise from physicochemical properties of the basic protocells. Such important and cooperative behaviours of the membranes and the contents encapsulated can led to the transformation to true cells from replicating molecules (Chen., 2006:1558-1559). Further there will be formation of stabilized membranes which will put forward the crosslinking advantages of fatty acids and phospholipids. The micro encapsulation will prevent the passing of large molecules through it but will help in the exchange of smaller molecules. It will also help in the solubility and retention of energy as electrochemical gradient. Based on the above suggestions many discussion and experiments were done. In 2012, a study proposed by Armen Y Mulkidjanian, states that condensed and cooled inland pools and geothermal vapour procures an ideal ability for life origin (Switek., 2012:1038). RNA synthesis and replication According to the RNA world, the early Earth consists of RNA proteins having the characteristics of being catalytic and self-replicating but no DNA molecules. According to this, the present world is fully descendent from the concept of RNA world (Zimmer., 2014). After many experiments, the researchers were bound to think if RNA molecules had the ability to catalyse their replication. But to perform such replication, the presence of boron, oxygen and molybdenum is required which are present in Mars rather than in Earth at that time. And if the RNA world is true than the life originating molecules must have been transferred to Earth during the meteor ejections. RNA played an important role in the formation of the life and the factors supporting this are the special feature of RNA to act as a self-catalyse and self-storage of information. Many scientists were able to form small RNA molecules which are capable of replication in labs. Szostak was successful to show that some RNA molecules having the catalytic characteristics join the smaller RNA sequences to replicate (Szostak., 2008:11-29). Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that scientists are unsuccessful to find a proven theory about the origin of life in the earth. There are many theories prevailing related to the origin of life out of which some are just imaginary and cannot be possible in the earths environment and some are almost true but not totally true. Apart from all the theories discussed above some other theories like Big Bang theory, Iron sulphur world, Zn world hypothesis, clay hypothesis etc. are present which different scientists have proposed according to their study. As earth has changed a lot from its early self, so it was quite difficult to get the exact scenario of the origin of life. Still scientists are trying their best to get the accurate things that happened and they had been successful to a great extend but their destination is quite far away from them. From all above readings it can be concluded that, at first there were very reactive gases prevailing in Earth and then started reducing reactively due to the energy sources came from the Late Heavy Bombardment. From the non-organic molecules, organic molecules were formed such as amino acids and from them the RNA molecules were formed. These RNA molecules were self-replicating and self-catalysing which led to the evolution of the organic cells. This is the most estimated theory of life origin. Since it is not proven as the ultimate one, scientists are trying their best to find out the correct one. References Oparin, A.I., 2003. The origin of life. Courier Corporation. "Biogenesis - Hmolpedia". Eoht.info. N.p., 2016. Web. 18 Aug. 2016. Bada, J.L., 2004. How life began on Earth: a status report. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 226(1), pp.1-15. Chen, I.A., 2006. The emergence of cells during the origin of life. Science, 314(5805), pp.1558-1559. Davis, W.L. and McKay, C.P., 1996. Origins of life: a comparison of theories and application to Mars. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 26(1), pp.61-73. Irwin, L.N. and Schulze-Makuch, D., 2010. Cosmic biology: How life could evolve on other worlds. Springer Science Business Media. Kaufman, M., 2011. First contact: scientific breakthroughs in the hunt for life beyond Earth. Simon and Schuster. Koonin, E.V. and Martin, W., 2005. On the origin of genomes and cells within inorganic compartments. TRENDS in Genetics, 21(12), pp.647-654. Sivaram, C., 2004. Introduction to astrobiology. Universities Press. Switek, B., 2012. Debate bubbles over the origin of life. Nature. doi, 10, p.1038. Szostak, J.W., 2008. The origins of function in biological nucleic acids, proteins, and membranes. HHMI. Retrieved on, pp.11-29. Vaneechoutte, M. and Fani, R., 2009. From the primordial soup to the latest universal common ancestor. Research in microbiology, 160(7), pp.437-440. Wickramasinghe, C., 2014. The search for our cosmic ancestry. World Scientific. Zimmer, C., 2014. A Tiny Emissary From the Ancient Past. New York Times.

Macbeth Symbolism Essays (1579 words) - English-language Films

Macbeth Symbolism With its eye-opening plot and interesting cast of characters, William Shakespeare's play, Macbeth is one of the greatest works one could ever read. But, above all, the aspect of the play is most impressive and overwhelming with imagery and symbolism that Shakespeare so brilliantly uses. Throughout the play , the author depicts various types of imagery and symbolism instances that , eventually , lead to the downfall of the main character , Macbeth. Instances of imagery and symbolism are seen throughout the play. Imagery and symbolism are unavoidable features in William Shakespeare's Macbeth. One of the most prominent symbolic factors in the play is the presence of blood. It has been noted that the presence of blood "increases the feelings or fear , horror , and pain" (Spurgeon , Pg. 20). From the appearance of the bloody sergeant in the second scene of the to the very last scene , there is a continued vision of blood all throughout the play. The imagery of blood seems to affect almost all the characters in the play. It affects Lady Macbeth in the scene in which she is found sleepwalking talking to herself after the murders of Duncan and Banquo : "Here's the smell of the blood still. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand." [V. i. 50-1] Also , the blood imagery is present in the "weird sisters" , or witches. Most evidently , it is present in act four , scene one , when Macbeth visits the witches to seek their insight and his fortune for the future. He is shown three apparitions , one of which is a bloody child that commands him to "Be bloody , bold and resolute : laugh to scorn..." [IV. i. 79] Although blood imagery deals with almost all the characters of the play , no where is it more profound than with the protagonist himself , Macbeth. In the very beginning of the play , it is reported by the sergeant that Macbeth and Banquo are "[bathing] in reeking wounds." [I. ii. 42] Again , blood is found haunting Macbeth in act two , scene one of the play , in which a visionary dagger is stained with "gouts of blood." In the same act and scene , after the murder Duncan , Macbeth cries declares that nothing , even "great Neptune's oceans" , will be able to cleanse the blood that stains his hand : "Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No , this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine , making the green one red." [II. ii. 58-60] Next , the image of blood is induced when Macbeth calls upon the "bloody and invisible hand" of night to help the murderers he has hired carry out their assassination of Banquo and his son , Fleance. Then , Macbeth realizes that "blood will have blood" and that his murderous plots will all come to and end with his death. Finally , at the end of the banquet scene , Macbeth confesses that he is "in blood , stepp'd in so far that , should [he] wade no more , returning [would be] as tedious as to go o'er." [III. iv. 136-7] Through all these instances of blood symbolism and imagery , it is obvious that "Macbeth is about blood." (Muir , Pg. 271 ) Yet another form of symbolism used in the play is that of unnaturalness. Throughout the work , it is used in the constant referral to Macbeth's crime of murder and emphasizes the fact it is not natural and , in turn , is a"convulsion of nature." (Spurgeon , Pg. 20) Although powerful , the idea of unnaturalness occurs mostly in one part of the play , immediately before and after the murder of Duncan. Macbeth , obviously bothered by the act that he had just committed , states how Duncan's wounds "look'd like a breach in nature for ruin's wasteful entrance." [II. iii. 118] Then , Macbeth continues on by saying that he had "murdered sleep" , another unnatural occurrence, "I heard a voice cry , ?Sleep no more! Macbeth does murther sleep...Glamis hath murder'd sleep , and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more. Macbeth shall sleep no more.'" [II. ii. 26-36] Next , the unnatural events of the night continue when Macduff and Lenox , Duncan's sons , tell Macbeth of the "strange events" of the night, "The night has been unruly. Where we lay , our chimneys

Ndebele of southern Africa essays

Ndebele of southern Africa essays Who were the Ndebele of southern Africa? How might they have reacted to the growing power of Britain in their region? The Ndebele were a warrior people who had secured their military stronghold over southern Africa by using strict discipline and ingenious warfare tactics. Upon the arrival of Europeans, the native=s superior skills in war proved futile against the mechanised military of the white man. The British, with rifles and machine guns easily subdued the kingdoms of southern Africa. The Ndebele people were forced to yield to the British, ultimately, ending their life of freedom. This essay will examine the history of the Ndebele people, showing how they became who they were. It will also explain to the reader, regardless of the action this kingdom had taken against the British, it would have still succumbed to the same fate. Great political changes occurred in southern Africa in the later part of the eighteenth century. Powerful kingdoms arose from the conglomeration of many smaller chiefdoms. This resulted in an extremely violent period in southern Africa=s history known as Amfecane (unlimited warfare).@ Nguni speaking by heritage, the Ndebele people arose in this time of turmoil as one of the most powerful militaries in southern Africa. They used revolutionary tactics of both guerrilla warfare and highly disciplined units that advanced into battle as one entity. The Ndebele depended upon cattle as the sustenance of their livelihood for milk, meat and clothing. For this reason they required fertile lands to raise and feed their herds. Without healthy property the Ndebele people would not survive. The search for the most arable soil led them to conquer neighbouring kingdoms in times of drought or when they had used up all of their lands= resources. The Ndebele are not credited with living in one specific area for long periods of time. However, geographically, the Ndebele were always located in the borders o...

The Mughal Empires 300-Year Rule of India

The Mughal Empires 300-Year Rule of India The Mughal Empire (also known as Mogul, Timurid, or Hindustan empire) is considered one of the classic periods of Indias long and amazing history. In 1526, Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad Babur, a man with Mongol heritage from central Asia, established a foothold in the Indian subcontinent which was to last for more than three centuries. By 1650, the Mughal Empire was one of three leading powers of the Islamic world- the so-called Gunpowder Empires- which also included the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. At its height, around 1690, the Mughal Empire ruled almost the entire subcontinent of India, controlling four million square kilometers of land and a population of about 160 million. Economics and Organization The Mughal emperors (or Great Mughals) were despotic rulers who relied upon and held sway over a large number of ruling elites. The imperial court included officers, bureaucrats, secretaries, court historians, and accountants, who produced astounding documentation of the empires day-to-day operations. The elites were organized on the basis of the mansabdari system, a military and administrative system developed by Genghis Khan and applied by the Mughal leaders to classify the nobility. The emperor controlled the nobles lives, from who they married to their education in arithmetic, agriculture, medicine, household management, and the rules of government. The economic life of the empire was buoyed by a strong international market trade, including goods produced by farmers and artisans. The emperor and his court were supported by taxation and the ownership of a region known as the Khalisa Sharifa, which varied in size with the emperor. The rulers also established Jagirs, feudal land grants which were commonly administered by local leaders. Rules of Succession Although each classic period Mughal ruler was the son of his predecessor, the succession was by no means one of primogeniture- the eldest did not necessarily win his fathers throne. In the Mughal world, every son had an equal share in his fathers patrimony, and all males within a ruling group had a right to succeed to the throne, creating an open-ended, if contentious, system. Each son was semi-independent of his father and received semipermanent territorial holdings when he was deemed old enough to manage them. There were often fierce battles among the princes when a ruler died. The rule of succession could be summed up by the Persian phrase Takht, ya takhta (either throne or funeral bier). The Founding of the Mughal Empire The young prince Babur, who was descended from Timur on his fathers side and Genghis Khan on his mothers, finished his conquest of northern India in 1526, defeating the Delhi Sultan Ibrahim Shah Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. Babur was a refugee from the fierce dynastic struggles in Central Asia; his uncles and other warlords had repeatedly denied him rule over the Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Fergana, his birthright. Babur was able to establish a base in Kabul, though, from which he turned south and conquered much of the Indian subcontinent. Babur called his dynasty Timurid, but it is better known as the Mughal Dynasty- a Persian rendering of the word Mongol. Baburs Reign Babur was never able to conquer Rajputana, home of the warlike Rajputs. He ruled over the rest of northern India and the plain of the Ganges River, though. Although he was a Muslim, Babur followed a rather loose interpretation of the Quran in some ways. He drank heavily at his famously lavish feasts, and also enjoyed smoking hashish. Baburs flexible and tolerant religious views would be all the more evident in his grandson, Akbar the Great. In 1530, Babur died at the age of 47. His eldest son Humayan fought off an attempt to seat his aunts husband as emperor  and assumed the throne. Baburs body was returned to Kabul, Afghanistan, nine years after his death, and buried in the Bagh-e Babur. Height of the Mughals Humayan was not a very strong leader. In 1540, the Pashtun ruler Sher Shah Suri defeated the Timurids, deposing Humayan. The second Timurid emperor only regained his throne with aid from Persia in 1555, a year before his death, but at that time he managed even to expand on Baburs empire. When Humayan died after a fall down the stairs, his 13-year-old son Akbar was crowned. Akbar defeated the remnants of the Pashtuns and brought some previously unquelled Hindu regions under Timurid control. He also gained control over Rajput through diplomacy and marriage alliances. Akbar was an enthusiastic patron of literature, poetry, architecture, science, and painting. Although he was a committed Muslim, Akbar encouraged religious tolerance  and sought wisdom from holy men of all faiths. He became known as Akbar the Great. Shah Jahan and the Taj Mahal Akbars son, Jahangir, ruled the Mughal Empire in peace and prosperity from 1605 until 1627. He was succeeded by his own son, Shah Jahan. The 36-year-old Shah Jahan inherited an incredible empire in 1627, but any joy he felt would be short-lived. Just four years later, his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died during the birth of their 14th child. The emperor went into deep mourning and was not seen in public for a year. As an expression of his love, Shah Jahan commissioned the building of a magnificent tomb for his dear wife. Designed by the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, and constructed of white marble, the Taj Mahal is considered the crowning achievement of Mughal architecture. The Mughal Empire Weakens Shah Jahans third son, Aurangzeb, seized the throne and had all of his brothers executed after a protracted succession struggle in 1658. At the time, Shah Jahan was still alive, but Aurangzeb had his sickly father confined to the Fort at Agra. Shah Jahan spent his declining years gazing out at the Taj and died in 1666. The ruthless Aurangzeb proved to be the last of the Great Mughals. Throughout his reign, he expanded the empire in all directions. He also enforced a much more orthodox brand of Islam, even banning music in the empire (which made many Hindu rites impossible to perform). A three-year revolt by the Mughals long-time ally, the Pashtun, began in 1672. In the aftermath, the Mughals lost much of their authority in what is now Afghanistan, seriously weakening the empire. The British East India Company Aurangzeb died in 1707, and the Mughal state began a long, slow process of crumbling from within and without. Increasing peasant revolts and sectarian violence threatened the stability of the throne, and various nobles and warlords sought to control the line of weak emperors. All around the borders, powerful new kingdoms sprang up and began to chip away at Mughal land holdings. The British East India Company (BEI) was founded in 1600, while Akbar was still on the throne. Initially, it was only interested in trade  and had to content itself with working around the fringes of the Mughal Empire. As the Mughals weakened, however, the BEI grew increasingly powerful. The Last Days of the Mughal Empire In 1757, the BEI defeated the Nawab of Bengal and French company interests at the Battle of Palashi. After this victory, the BEI took political control of much of the subcontinent, marking the start of the British Raj in India. The later Mughal rulers held on to their throne, but they were simply puppets of the British. In 1857, half of the Indian Army rose up against the BEI in what is known as the Sepoy Rebellion or the Indian Mutiny. The British home government intervened to protect its own financial stake in the company  and put down the rebellion. Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was arrested, tried for treason, and exiled to Burma. It was the end of the Mughal Dynasty. Legacy The Mughal Dynasty left a large and visible mark on India. Among the most striking examples of Mughal heritage are the many beautiful buildings that were constructed in the Mughal style- not just the Taj Mahal, but also the Red Fort in Delhi, the Fort of Agra, Humayans Tomb and a number of other lovely works. The melding of Persian and Indian styles created some of the worlds best-known monuments. This combination of influences can also be seen in the arts, cuisine, gardens, and even in the Urdu language. Through the Mughals, Indo-Persian culture reached an apogee of refinement and beauty. Sources Asher, Catherine B. Sub–Imperial Palaces: Power and Authority in Mughal India. Ars Orientalis 23, 1993.Begley, Wayne E. The Myth of the Taj Mahal and a New Theory of Its Symbolic Meaning. The Art Bulletin, 1979.Chand, Shyam. Book Review: Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of the RSS by Shamsul Islam, Tribune India, 2006.Faraqui, Munis D. The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719. Cambridge University Press, 2012.Foltz, Richard. Cultural Contacts between Central Asia and Mughal India. Central Asiatic Journal, 1998.Haider, Najaf. Norms of Professional Excellence and Good Conduct in Accountancy Manuals of the Mughal Empire. International Review of Social History, 2011.Mukhia, Harbans. The Mughals of India, New Delhi. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004.Schimmel, Annemarie Burzine K. Waghmar. The Great Empire of the Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Reaktion Books, 2004.

An Investigation of the Impact of Oil Price Changes on the Gulf Dissertation

An Investigation of the Impact of Oil Price Changes on the Gulf Council Countries (GCC) Stock Markets - Dissertation Example According to the report any fluctuation in oil prices does not go unnoticed. However an increase or decrease in oil prices does not have a uniform effect worldwide. Some countries gain and some suffer the consequences. This paper seeks to identify and analyse the relationship of oil prices to the stock markets of the GCC, which stands for Gulf cooperation council.From this paper it is clear that the most general assumption is that the changes in the oil prices have an indirect impact on the stock market. This theory is applicable as it is believed by most economists, commentators and journalists. This relationship between oil prices and the stock market can be easily justified by the most famous headline of the Wall Street Journal that says â€Å"Oil Spikes Pummels Stock Market†. Also, the Financial Times also captured the attention of the investors regarding oil prices impact on the stock market by displaying headline which says â€Å"U.S. Stocks Rally as Oil Prices Fallâ₠¬ . According to the research, the relationship between of oil prices and the stock market is quite unpredictable and is very strange than it is assumed by most investors. No one makes this negative relationship as a thumb of rule but most of the time these both variables move in opposite directions. This means that as the oil prices goes up it shows a negative impact on the stock market. On the other hand, as the price of the oil goes down it results in a positive impact on the stock market.... It is needed for ?guaranteeing the economy’s as well as modern industries development. The fluctuation in prices ?of oil is considered to be an indicator of the global or worldwide economy. Each change in oil ?price is discussed as a hot topic both generally as well as in economic and the political circles of ?every country. There are various factors that may affect the oil prices and cause them to ?fluctuate. Major of these are the balance shifts in demand and supply of oil market, exchange rate ?fluctuation of dollar, Opportunistic Practices and instability of geopolitical factors/. These factors jointly work for bringing change in the oil prices and this change tends to have an impact upon the stock exchange performances of different countries as well. The dissertation aims to investigate the impact of oil price fluctuation upon the stock market index of the GCC countries over the last five years. The dissertation examines and analyses the data for last five years using the linear regression model and it has been unveiled from the calculation of the data using the model that the GCC countries’ stock exchanges have always responded strongly towards the changes in oil fluctuation and the oil prices changes occurred during the last five years have also altered the stock exchanges indexes of the GCC countries. Table of Content Acknowledgements Declaration 1. Chapter one: Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 1.1. Aim and Objectives of the study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 1.2. Methodology and data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.15 1.3. The structure of the

Quality of Service of Voice over Internet Protocol Essay

Quality of Service of Voice over Internet Protocol - Essay Example are providing opportunities to retailers in the industry to take on the traditional broadcasters and telecommunication companies. Companies like Cisco and Alcatel in close cooperation with ISPs like AT&T, Verizon and Comcast, took a lead in coming out with state of art internet telephony gadgets. The convergence of video, voice and data on next generation networks has resulted into integration of many services. As a result the all important digital pipe is stated to provide telephone service, television channels, radio channels, internet connections and data services all bundles in one connection. Theoretically such services can work wonders for an individual or a limited number of consumers. But as the number of online consumers increase substantially, the quality of digital services deteriorates. For example, mobile operators are already offering audio and video streaming services to their customers on 2.5G and 3G networks (Eastwood, 2007). But the problem starts when large numbers of people start using the digital pipe to communicate with each other or when millions of radio listeners hook on to the radio network to listen the weekly radio broadcast of President of America. This causes traffic congestion in the Internet line, thus severely affecting the quality of the service over the Internet Protocol. A debate has therefore started over the effectiveness of such technological advancements in replacing the traditional copper or fiber cables for telephony, terrestrial or cable television broadcasts or radio transmissions. This study is an effort towards analyzing the developments in information technology in general and telephony and communication technologies in particular. An effort would also be made to study how the perception of user has changed over the years towards accepting these changes and how smooth this transition has proved to be. As internet is gradually maturing and presenting a paradigm shift

Males and Females in Peter Greenaways Films Essay Example for Free

Males and Females in Peter Greenaways Films Essay The following paper gives an overview of the movies of Peter Greenaway along with how he portrays women and men his films. The paper would be based on the roles of men and women in his three movies, drowning by numbers, the belly of an architect and the Draughtsman’s contract. One common aspect that would be discussed in his movies is that the men are usually thought of as victims and the women are presented as the true artistic creators. His Movies: Drowning by Numbers: In opposition to the background of the autumnal Suffolk seashore, three generations of women, each one given the name of Cissie Colpitts, assassinate their not good enough husbands by obscuring them in a bathtub, in the ocean, and in a swimming pool, correspondingly. In arrival for assurance for sexual favoritism, which the women at the end of the day refuse to give, the neighboring coroner, Henry Madgett (Hill), comes in agreement to endorse the casualties as unintentional, even though a minute but steadily-growing swarm of eyewitnesses and associations put stress on him to acquaint with the reality. His juvenile son, Smut, who is preoccupied with casualty and brings together animal and insect dead bodies, furthermore he considers his father must appear spotless. Factual to Madgetts and the movies fascination with games, he places up a tug-of-war from corner to corner of a waterway to come to a decision to the problem, where he and Smut connect to Cissie in opposition to their hecklers. Greenaway is an often-infuriating, one-of-a-kind filmmaker who repeatedly experiments the staying power of his spectators. A lot of experience it as not significant as the attempt to shape out his difficult to understand games, let unaccompanied their implication, exclusive of a quantity of kinky sex or run through to disappear the procedures. Drowning by Numbers provides up ample of this: a circumcision by clippers, a repeated repulsion for provisions and flesh, and various near-sickening views of decompose and pests. Still, as if paying no attention to the filmmakers mysterious propensities, the presentations are ironic, cynical, sardonic and over and over again blackly humorous, and each and every framework is crammed with detail and magnificence. Here was an unprincipled anecdote enlightened ethically, with a tough feminist implication—approximately all of the male characters breathe their last breath by means of the unconquerable Cissies scheme shimmering, as Greenaway himself has acknowledged that the superior do not obtain content and happiness, and the depraved are infrequently rebuked, and the above suspicion are for all time badly treated. Drowning by Numbers is typically concerning numbers and the means they are employed to systematize the games individuals take part in. Despite the fact that the greater part of the human relations of whichever significance is determined by unstructured requirements, we use up a large amount of our lives demanding to offer them shape. We look for examples and successions, and enjoyment in the psychosomatic language that comes into view to give explanation. We search for regulations and unavoidability, and identify relations as the competition in which people occupy themselves for the reason that these games have both, happiness and contention. Drowning by Numbers is crammed with games: those men engage in recreation with women, women with men, and jump rope, cricket, and some games out of Greenaways tremendous sleight of hand. For the most part continuous game is the one Greenaway plays with the spectator. The motion picture starts with a small woman hopping rope as she count from one to one hundred (Peter Greenaway, 100). The Bell of an Architect: In Belly of an Architect, Brian Dennehy plays the central character who considers the main beliefs of structural design will regulate the humankind. He struggles the backstabbing of dishonest classmates and environment’s attrition of both construction and body. Sooner than the film ends, he loses his architectural assignment and is lost to stomach cancer. The screen in Belly is beleaguered with scaffolding, drop fabrics, plaster, powder, and huge degeneration hallways and corridors seeping out with water and sludge, which Greenaway challenges to put together into well-designed symmetries much as his hero attempts to protect the architectural classicisms he stumbles on to be so comforting. Again, the ordering organization contained by the film surrounds it. An immature artiste is constricted to implement twelve illustrations of a sumptuous countryside residence in 17th century England. Drawn into an affectionate and passionate association with the two conniving ladies of the residence he outlines and fabricates illustrated indications of the assassination. He almost immediately discovers himself trapped in the rumble ferociousness of the over sophisticated spirits of the landed upper classes. As all the times, Peter Greenaway provides beautiful and stunning masterpieces that contemplate on the artists infatuation for order and the oppression of organizations—whether communal or artistic. This untimely Greenaway effort observes unfaithfulness and substantial weakening, all in the perspective of a demanding occupational existence. The cuckold is a renowned American designer, Stourley Kracklite, who goes to Rome to place on a demonstration in reminiscence of his male protagonist, the 18th century farsighted draftsman, Etiene Louis Boullee. Kracklite fails to remember the current to respect the ancient times, but at what cost? He pays no attention to his pregnant wife who searches for soothe in the arms of Kracklites opponent. He furthermore takes no notice of his physical condition and is influenced that his stomach’s throbbing are the consequences of his wifes efforts to exterminate him. The punishment for such fascination is the failure of his presentation— the extraordinarily obsession he gave up all other elements of his life to accomplish (Peter Greenaway, 105). The Belly of an Architect is a visual extravagance, approximately deference to the techniques and fashions of Romes structural designs, judged with skill, ability, proficiency and crammed with impenetrable and mysterious shades. The Draughtsman’s Contract: Greenaways foremost profit-making element, The Draughtsmans Contract, is the chronicle of a draughtsman who in 1694 is specially made by the woman of an enormous residence to do twelve depictions of her property. At the opening it gives the impression that hes to a certain extent in command of his lady and background, receiving them together down anywhere he desires them, till his meticulousness does him in. By painstakingly drafting the manor house and foundation, he unintentionally duplicates indications to an assassination. As expected, its perpetrators dont desire him in the region. The methodical little draughtsman fall’s a victim not to environment’s impulse but to mans ravenousness and violent behavior (Peter Greenaway, 45). The twelve drawings are at one time the evidences to the massacres and the arrangements of the motion picture. From then on, all noteworthy objects in the motion picture are revolving around the paintings that hold the clues and all the films action—the drawings and the assassinations—must be accomplished by the time movies reaches to its end. This is systematic Greenaway. Human games and their dependence on ritualistic traditions are both the area under discussion of the draughtsman’s contract and its form. As the characters get involve within the findings of the clues and murderer with each other, it brings in the the chaos of passion. Greenaway assembles his schemes and positions according to the murder and clues. The Draughtsmans Contract is thrice regarding commanding order on disorder, on mans unreasonable desires and natures predictable decompose: first, surrounded by the sequence of events; second in its structural association; and third, in the glance of the screen. Greenaway is an order-and-chaos fanatic (Amy Lawrence, 175). Conclusion: In all the movies of Peter Greenaway discussed above, one thing is very common, that the men are always shown as a powerless creature and the women are always dominating. All the films bring the women as murderers of men. In the majority of his films, Peter Greenaway has at least a suggestion of proposal that the most important rationale of women is to damage mens lives, typically with the aid of the men in query. More than any of his others, with the probable exclusion of the outstanding Drowning By Numbers, conveys a suggestion to the front, by using it as a primary message, rather than as an indication of the disentanglement of the plot. Unluckily, perhaps due to this approach, there are not a lot of subplots there, and therefore, the movie needs somewhat in difficulty, in contrast with some of his previous work. The Draughts men’s Contract came into view like a touching work of art with bright color and dazzling imagery. Though all are great movies, their schemes can be puzzling with the need of familiar dialogue and character progress. Greenaway movies are compactly and tightly weighed down with figure of speech and satisfied with metaphors, and are required to be moved towards accordingly, not with the similar state of mind that one would come close to a distinctive Hollywood motion picture, for an instance. Possibly furthermore supportive is a quotation from Greenaway himself: If you want to tell stories, be a writer, not a filmmaker.(IMDB, Pp1) References: Greenaway, Peter. 2001. The Draughtsmans Contract: The Draughtsmans Contract. Published by Distributed Art Pub, Pp 45 Greenaway, Peter. 1998. Drowning by Numbers. Published by Dis Voir, Pp 100 Greenaway, Peter. 1988. The Belly of an Architect. Published by Faber, Pp 105 Lawrence, Amy. 1997. The films of Peter Greenaway. Published by CUP Archive, Pp 175 The Internet Movie Database (IMDB), Biography for Peter Greenaway. (2008)Retrieved on 24th March ’09 from http://www. imdb. com/name/nm0000425/bio

How The Brain Works Essay -- Anatomy, Nervous System

Current research shows that mental events cause physical events, and scientists believe examining single nerves is the key to understanding how the brain works as a complete unit. Understanding the brain at the nerve cell level will allow scientists to understand how human consciousness works (Blakeslee, 1992). Furthermore, the brain's thalamus is identified as the possible sensory connector because it fires 40 impulses per second that sweep through the entire brain (Blakeslee, 1995a). These findings are a serious implication to Dualism because it states the mind is not physical. If the mind is not physical, it cannot affect the physical body, so the Dualist theory of two-sided interactions between the body and mind are false. The aforementioned argument is supported by many other scientific facts and objections against Dualism. For example, phantom pain is a well-known phenomenon in medicine. When people lose a limb, they will often feel painful spasms in parts that no longer exist. Although neuroscience is still developing, scientists assume sensory conflict is responsible for this phenomenon (Blakeslee, 1995b). The brain remembers the nerves going to the missing limb and their previous function, so it can issue orders through those nerves. However, the nerves will not get feedback from the muscles in the non-existent limb, so the brain stops the movement forcibly (Blakeslee, 1995b). Over time, the brain makes new nervous pathways and adapts to the new geography of the body (Blakeslee, 1995b), so the person's perception changes and phantom pain no longer persists. Phantom pain is only one example of how the brain is linked to the consciousness. Every perception in the environment and every physical action causes changes in t... ...p paralysis prevents the body from moving while the mind dreams. In conclusion, the mind is non-physical, but there must be a common link between the body and mind because several examples show their interaction. Perhaps the image of the body and the mind as entities responsible for our ability to act in the external and the internal world (Ryle, 1949) is correct, but it is missing the brain as the link. The brain is obviously the meeting point which perceives sensations from both the external and the internal world. The mind functions in the internal world and provides thoughts to the brain. The body functions in the external world and provides sensory input to the brain. The brain combines both inputs and distributes them among the body and the mind. This is how the body and mind are able to interact even though the mind is immaterial and the body is material.

Compare Contrast Greek and Roman Art

Compare Contrast Greek And Roman Art And Architecture Compare/Contrast Greek and Roman Art and Architecture Since the onset of Greek and Roman civilizations centuries ago we have seen the art and architectural worlds evolve into what we know them as today. In fact, many of the ancient Greek styles were duplicated by the Romans and modified to suit their needs. We can still see a lot of Greek and Roman influences in the present day, especially in the architectural world. Below I will cite some examples of Greek and Roman pieces of art and a structure from each culture and detail some similarities as well as some contrasting values.I’d like to begin by comparing some pieces of art. In The Fallen Warrior (Greece) and The Dying Gaul (Roman copy) both clearly represent a tragic event. Both subjects are leaning on the ground and seem to be dying but the reality of the event is more evident in the Gaul sculpture. The wound is clearly visible and the anguish of the subject is captured in his poise. Conversely the subject of the Warrior piece looks rather content and shows no visible injury. Both works are roughly the same size and represent a relatively perfect human structure with attention to muscular detail as well as an idealization of the human body.However, the Warrior sculpture shows less optical fact and more stylization as far as the eyes, mouth and beard are concerned when compared to the almost true to nature elements of the Gaul piece. This shows how some of the Greek foundation was carried along but modified by the Romans. In The Three Goddesses (Greece) and Marcus Aurelius on Horseback (Rome) there are many similarities. Each shows fine attention to the cloaks worn by the subjects as well as weight distribution and, if all limbs were present on the Three Goddesses, implied motion.But in the Aurelius sculpture there is a shift from strictly human subjects to the addition of a horse. The Romans did this as part of their love of realism along with the ir later concern for psychologically penetrating portraits. Moving along to architecture I’d like to compare the Parthenon (Greece) and the Pantheon (Rome). Upon looking at each structure you would immediately notice the use of columns. Albeit the Parthenon’s main weight-bearing elements are the columns whereas the columns used on the Pantheon are more aesthetic than functional. Each of these structures also makes use of a portico that originated in the Greek culture.Both structures are immense places of worship to the gods. The Parthenon was created for the goddess Athena but over the centuries it changed through a series of hands finally ending up as an ammunition dump for the Turks during a seventeenth century war with the Venetians. The Venetians bombed the building leaving most of it in ruins. The Pantheon was created as a house for sculptures of Roman gods. Enough care was taken throughout the centuries that this structure is still being used for religious functi ons today. The Parthenon was a more simplistic and ancient looking design where the Pantheon took on a whole new era.The dome came into play along with the many ornamental features seen on the inside as well as the outside of the Pantheon. The interior contains marble slabs and granite columns. These are accentuated when the sun shifts locations through the oculus in the center of the dome. These features reaffirm the fact that the Greek culture was to the point as far as balance of mind and body. They created their work meticulously but didn’t overdo it. Their buildings were functional but not overworked. The Roman culture took it to the next level with their architectural innovations as well as their emphasis on beauty.

English Language Advertisement Essay

Plan: 1. Advertising is one of the most prominent and powerful uses of language. 2. The Features of Advertising. 3. Is advertising language normal language? Does advertising language sometimes break the rules of normal language? 4. References. 1. Advertising is one of the most prominent and powerful uses of language. Advertising is one of the most prominent, powerful, and ubiquitous contemporary uses of language. Its seductive and controversial quality has attracted consistent and intense attention across a range of academic disciplines including linguistics, media studies, politics, semiotics, and sociology. The reasons for this academic interest are far from superficial. The study of advertising brings together many of the key social and political issues of our time: the new capitalism; globalization; overconsumption and the environment; cultural and individual identities; and the communications revolution. It provides insight into the ideologies and values of contemporary societies. Advertising’s creative use of language makes it a particularly rich site for language and discourse analysis. Operating in all media and exploiting the interaction between word, sound, and image, it provides a key location for studies of multimodal communication. Simultaneously poetic and commercial, it raises questions about the nature of creativity and art. Ever since the intensification of advertising in the 1950s, leading scholars have analyzed its use of language. This new four-volume Routledge Major Work brings together for the first time the most seminal and controversial works, allowing users to obtain a wide and inclusive view of this rewarding topic. It will be welcomed by scholars and other researchers in the field as an invaluable ‘mini library’ on the language of advertising. 2. The Features of Advertising Advertising Language is characterized by the following features. In any given advertisement these features may appear or be largely absent, such is the great variety of advertising copy found on promo products such as promotional tote bags and T-shirts. However these features may be said to be typical of advertising in general. Even advertisements which do not use the traditional features to attract inform and persuade may be described as being incontrast to the traditional features. Some modern advertisements appear to be almost dissuading consumers from their product – but this is a technique used as a determined way of not conforming to tradition. See Benetton, Marmite. Hyperbole – exaggeration, often by use of adjectives and adverbs. Frequent use of adjectives and adverbs. A limited range of evaluative adjectives includes new, clean, white, real, fresh, right, natural, big, great, slim, soft, wholesome, improved†¦ Neologisms may have novelty impact, e.g. Beanz, Meanz Heinz, Cookability, Schweppervescence, Tangoed, Wonderfuel†¦ Long noun phrases, frequent use of pre and post modifiers for descriptions. Short sentences for impact on the reader. This impact is especially clear at the beginning of a text, often using bold or large type for the â€Å"Headline† or â€Å"slogan† to capture the attention of the reader. Ambiguity is common. This may make a phrase memorable and re-readable. Ambiguity may be syntactic (the grammatical structure) or semantic (puns for example). Weasel words are often used. These are words which suggest a meaning without actually being specific. One type is the open comparative: â€Å"Brown’s Boots Are Better† (posing the question â€Å"better than what?†); another type is the bogus superlative: â€Å"Brown’s Boots are Best† (posing the question â€Å"rated alongside what?†) Euphemisms :†Clean Round the Bend† for a toilet cleaner avoids comment on â€Å"unpleasant† things. The classic exampe is â€Å"B.O† for â€Å"body odour† (in itself a euphemism for â€Å"smelly person†). Avoidance of negatives (advertising normally emphasises the positive side of a product – though see Marmite, Tango, Benetton, for whom it seems that all publicity is good). Simple and Colloquial language: â€Å"It ain’t half good† to appeal to ordinary people, though it is in fact often complex and deliberately ambiguous. Familiar language: use of second person pronouns to address an audience and suggest a friendly attitude. Present tense is used most commonly, though nostalgia is summoned by the simple past Simple vocabulary is most common, my mate Marmite, with the exception of technical vocabulary to emphasise the scientific aspects of a product (computers medicines and cars but also hair and cleaning products) which often comes as a complex noun phrase, the new four wheel servo-assisted disc brakes. Repetition of the brand name and the slogan, both of which are usually memorable by virtue of alliteration (the best four by four by far); rhyme (the cleanest clean it’s ever been); rhythm (drinka pinta milka day); syntactic parallelism (stay dry, stay happy); association (fresh as a mountain stream). Humour. This can be verbal or visual, but aims to show the product positively. Verbal Puns wonderfuel and graphic positions are common. Glamorisation is probably the most common technique of all. â€Å"Old† houses become charming, characterful, olde, worlde or unique. â€Å"Small† houses become compact, bijou, snug or manageable. Houses on a busy road become convenient for transport. A cafà © with a pavement table becomes a trattoria, moving up market aspires to be a restaurant, too cramped it becomes a bistro. Not enough room to serve it becomes a fast food servery. If the menu is English food it is likely to be traditional, home-baked or home made; if the menu is French the cake will be gateau, the potted meat patà ©, bits of toast in your soup will be croutons. The decor will be probably chic, possibly Provenà §al. Finally, potency. Vance Packard (1960) memorably said: â€Å"The cosmetic manufacturers are not selling lanolin, they are selling hope †¦ we no longer buy oranges, and we buy vitality. We do not just buy an auto, we buy prestige.† 3. Is advertising language normal language? Does advertising language sometimes break the rules of normal language? These questions relate to the place of advertising language in the context of the readers’ general knowledge of language (we will presume that the language is English). In order to answer them, we must have some conception of what is meant by â€Å"normal language†. The English language has evolved to have many different kinds of functionality, each of which correspond to different situations and styles of use. From an analytic point of view, it seems to make most sense to understand â€Å"normal language† to include the variety of styles of English that mature speakers and readers control. This will form the backdrop of everyday language in its many functions, against which we can view advertising language. If one looks around in literature on advertising, or searches on the WWW, it is not uncommon to find claims to the effect that advertising breaks the rules of normal language and language use. However, from the perspective of a professional linguist, few of these claims really seem to be supportable. Now, with the exception of linguists, few people have any reason to pay close attention to the way that language is actually used in its speech community, for a wide range of communicative functions. Like many aspects of human being and human behavior, our unconscious knowledge of language is much greater than our conscious knowledge of it, so the facts about language that are immediately accessible to the average person only cover part of what the language is and how it is used. Collect some text from advertisements that you have found. Can you find any examples of words, phrases or constructions that are truly different from the various varieties that you encounter on a regular basis? These varieties may include informal spoken language between close friends to technical and scientific descriptions (more likely to be written), and everything in between. Doubtless, not all of the text you find will be standard English, but is any of it not English at all? In doing this exercise, it may be that you will learn more about what creative possibilities your language allows, rather than how much advertising goes beyond the boundaries of that language. In a recent short article in the journal Nature, Pullum and Scholz (2001) point out that, at every level, language has a level of creativity that allows it to be ever-expanding, ever-changing. Even the idea that there is a stock of words which constitute the English language cannot be upheld, because it is always possible to invent new words, and new names in particular. Thus, â€Å"Here is my new invention; I call it â€Å"X† † is a strategy in everyday English which advertisers can take advantage of, when the y state â€Å"Introducing the all-new â€Å"Y† â€Å". In an interesting coincidence which illustrates the point very clearly, the Dreamweaver ® program which we have used to construct this website has the command â€Å"Indent† to indent a paragraph, and we used it to format the quote below from McQuarrie and Micks. In the command menu, the command after this one is â€Å"Outdent†, which makes a paragraph wider. Neither of us had seen this word before, yet we understood its meaning, and certainly did not reject it as â€Å"non-English†. This is not to say that any random new word can be generated for the author’s purposes in any context. The â€Å"Outdent† example above is presented in a very clear context, which makes apprehending its usage and meaning quite clear. We generally find that novel words presented in an advertisement have the same supporting context; they may be new, but they are not â€Å"out of the blue†. The work of McQuarrie and Mick (1996) is highly relevant in this context. They place advertising language in the context of the study of rhetoric, and observe: â€Å"A rhetorical figure has traditionally been defined as an artful deviation (Corbett 1990). More formally, a rhetorical figure occurs when an expression deviates from expectation, the expression is not rejected as nonsensical or faulty, the deviation occurs at the level of form rather than content, and the deviation conforms to a template that is invariant across a variety of content and contexts. This definition supplies the standard against which deviation is to be measured (i.e., expectations), sets a limit on the amount and kind of deviation (i.e., short of a mistake), locates the deviation at the level of the formal structure of a text, and imposes a grouping requirement (i.e., there are a limited number of templates, each with distinct characteristics).† The unusual aspects of language that we sometimes find in advertising can be fruitfully considered to be examples of â€Å"artful deviations†. 36.3 VW ad (Rolling Stone, May 23, 2002): Heck, it’s been re-everything-ed. This new verb is coined on the basis of a very robust feature of English, which allows nouns to be used as verbs (see Clark and Clark (1979)). In this case, the new verb is also prefixed and suffixed. Out of the blue, â€Å"to re-everything† would be hard to interpret, but in the context provided by the advertisement, its meaning is clear. In the summer of 2002 the pop group No Doubt had a hit song called â€Å"Hella Good†; some of the lyrics are shown here: Hella Good (G. Stefani/ T. Dumont/ P. Williams/ C. Hugo/ T. Kanal) You got me feeling hella good So let’s just keep on dancing You hold me like you should So I’m gonna keep on dancing (Keep on dancing) â€Å"Hella good† is not advertising language, and it is not standard English, but it is certainly â€Å"pop music English†, and it is the kind of phrase that anyone could produce in conversation. In 48 Cointreau (InStyle, August 2002) we find an example of a blend, â€Å"Be Cointreauversial†.

The Best IB English Study Guide and Notes for SL

The Best IB English Study Guide and Notes for SL/HL SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you taking IB English and need some help with your studying? No need to reread all the books and poems you covered in class! This study guide is for IB English A students (students in IB English A: literature SL/HL, IB English A: language and literature SL/HL, or IB English literature and performance SL) who are looking for additional guidance on writing their commentaries or essays. I've compiled this IB English study guide using the best free materials available for this class. Use it to supplement your classwork and help you prepare for exams throughout the school year. What’s Tested on the IB English Exams? The IB English courses are unique from other IB classes in that they don't have a very rigid curriculum with exact topics to cover. Instead, your class (or most likely your teacher) is given the freedom to choose what works (from a list of prescribed authors and a list of prescribed literature in translation from IBO) to teach. The exams reflect that freedom. On the exam for all English A courses, you’re asked to write an essay (or essays) that incorporates examples from the novels you read. You’re also asked to interpret text (typically poetry, though sometimes an excerpt from a book) that you read for the first time the day of the exam. The exact number of questions varies by the course, but the types of questions asked on each all fall into the two categories listed above. What’s Offered in This Guide? In this guide, I have compiled materials to help teach you how to interpret poetry and how to structure your essay/commentary. I've also provided notes on several books typically taught in IB English SL/HL. This should be all of the material you need to study for your IB exam and to study for your in-class exams. How to Interpret Poetry Guides Many people struggle the most with the poetry material, and if you're one of those people,we have some resources specifically for making poetry questions easier. Here is afull explanation of how to interpret poetry for the IB examwith term definitions, descriptions of types of poems, and examples.This is another great resource withpoetry terms defined on â€Å"flashcards†, and you can test yourself on the site by clicking "play". How to Write Your Essay Guide If you're not sure how to write your essay, here's a guide towhat you essay should look like for the IB English SL/HL papers.This guide gives advice on how you should structure your essay and what you should include in it. It also contains a few sample questions so you can get a better idea of the types of prompts you can expect to see. IB English Book Notes Based on the list of prescribed authors and literaturefrom IBO, I picked some of the most popular books to teach and provided links to notes on those works. What's important to remember from these books is key moments, themes, motifs, and symbols, so you can discuss them on your in-class tests and the IB papers. Agamemnon Anna Karenina Antigone Crime and Punishment Death of a Salesman A Doll's House Don Quixote Dr. Zhivago Hamlet Heart of Darkness Jane Eyre King Lear Love in the Time of Cholera Macbeth One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Romeo Juliet Sense and Sensibility The Stranger The Sun Also Rises Waiting for Godot The Best Study Practices for IB English Hopefully, this guide will be an asset to you throughout the school year for in-class quizzes as well as at the end of the year for the IB exam. Taking practice tests is also important, and you should also look at our other article for access to FREE IB English past papersto help you familiarize yourself with the types of questions asked by the IBO (and I’m sure your teacher will ask similar questions on your quizzes). Make sure you're reading all of the novels and poetry assigned to you in class, and take detailed notes on them. This will help you remember key themes and plot points so you don't find yourself needing to reread a pile of books right before the exam. Finally, keep up with the material you learn in class,and don't fall behind.Reading several novels the week before the IB exam won’t be much help. You need to have time and let the material sink in over the course of the class, so you’re able to remember it easily on the day of the IB exam. What’s Next? Want some morestudy materials for IB English?Our guide to IB English past papers has links to every free and official past IB English paper available! Are you hoping to squeeze in some extra IB classes? Learn about the IB courses offered onlineby reading our guide. Not sure where you want to go to college? Check out our guide to finding your target school.Also, figure out your target SAT score or target ACT score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Essay Experts New Years Ressaylutions- Completing 2011 and Creating 2012

The Essay Experts New Years Ressaylutions- Completing 2011 and Creating 2012 Last year at about this time, I wrote a list of six New Year’s Ressaylutions for 2011. Do you ever go back to your list from last year and check on whether you followed through on your resolutions, or whether you forgot about them the moment you put your pen down? I realized that with all my talk about New Year’s resolutions, I hadn’t gone back to check last year’s list.   I got brave and dug it up this week; the following is a report on how I did at keeping my promises!   I also make new resolutions for 2012. 2011 Ressaylutions  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.   Convert my website to WordPress. DONE!   Not only is my site fully converted to WordPress, but I also have a funky cool new slider on my home page. I also created many new forms and downloadable documents that make it easier for clients to submit information and get the materials they need. 2.   Make it easier for my readers to choose the topic they want to read about. DONE!   I now have six separate e-lists: a) Job Search (Resumes Cover Letters) b) College Admissions c) LinkedIn Professional Writing d) Grammar Tips e) Newsletter only e) Everything. Choose the one that’s â€Å"write† for you! 3.   Create autoresponders. DONE!   And there is still so much more to do.   See Ressaylution #3. 4.   Guest blog. DONE!   My articles have appeared on CareerCast.com, Careerealism.com, CareerCenterToolbox.com and ilostmyjob.com, and I was quoted in Forbes.   Recently I wrote two articles for an American Bar Association publication about resumes and personal statements for applying to law school which will be published this summer. 5.   Start an Artist’s Way group. NOT DONE.   This one took a back seat to the business.   But I DID write my morning pages every day for three months like I said I would.   And I told everyone I was leading something, which made me act like a leader.   Perhaps that’s what inspired my article, Top 10 Ways to Be a Leader.   I’m content that this item did not come to fruition. 6.   Continue to write and share about writing issues, job search issues, and sometimes life issues that strike my fancy each week and that my readers care about. DONE.   I faithfully published either a blog article or a newsletter EVERY week in 2011, without fail.   Now THAT’s something to celebrate! Here are The Essay Expert’s Ressaylutions for 2012: 1.   Create a new template for my website that brings me more into the technology of 2012. Despite my successful WordPress conversion, there’s much work still to be done before I have the ability to edit my pages without â€Å"breaking† the existing code.   Look out for a new, more user-friendly interface in 2012 too! 2.   Create new e-lists for past clients, and survey past clients. I want to follow up better with The Essay Expert’s past clients and find out how they are faring with the documents we helped them prepare.   Did they get jobs?   Did they get into school?   Do they need more assistance?   My hope is that better e-lists will allow me to start providing concrete numbers about the results of the work that we do.   In service of this goal (as well as Ressaylution #3), I will be hiring a virtual assistant (VA)!   No more interns – The Essay Expert is getting down to business. 3.   Revise autoresponders from 2011. Right now most of my autoresponders are set up as summaries of my articles with links to the full article. It turns out that people don’t like to have to click on a link to read a full article!   So I will be putting complete articles into my autoresponders for your reading convenience and pleasure.   Thank you to my future VA for helping to make this happen! 4.   Publish my e-book on Kindle This one is in the works.   It will have a cool new cover and a clickable index for easy reference.   Let’s make it a best-seller! 5.   Report on and count success stories in 2012. My goal is to report 212 success stories in 2012.   My resolution is to keep doing great work and to keep marketing The Essay Expert’s offerings so we can create 212 positive results for job seekers, school applicants and businesses in the next year.   See 212 Success Stories for 2012. 6.   Continue to write and share about writing issues, job search issues, and sometimes life issues that strike my fancy each week and that my readers care about. No change here.   I’ll see you every week in 2012. How did you do on your New Years resolutions from 2011?   Do you dare to find out? Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinJanuary 16, 2012 1 Comment The Essay Expert says: January 17, 2012 at 8:06 am LOL Jan perhaps theres room to start challenging yourself more! Log in to Reply

Leadership Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Interview - Essay Example For this I made several trips to California, New York, Florida and even Hong Kong. My perseverance paid and I finally tracked a supplied that fit the bill. I am obliged not to reveal his name. This supplier is very selective and prefers to deal with customers directly without any middlemen. I got to see the owner, who is very reclusive, after eight attempts and he agreed to supply fresh fish to me after I made a solemn promise not to overcharge my customers. I consider this as the greatest challenge I faced in my business life. A. I believe my patience is the biggest asset. This behaviour contributes to my effectiveness in my leadership role. I give a lot of time to hearing to everyone’s problems and suggestions, be it the employee and customer. That is why, despite other commitments, I see to it that I arrive early at the Restaurant and leave late. I have to be role model for my employees. I offer my quality time to the organization in my endeavour to satisfy everyone. A. I look up to my Chef who has contributed the most to make me a competent Leader that I am today. Without his unflinching support and suggestions Things could not have run as smoothly as it does now. Why, he even stays back with me and leaves when I do. He is the backbone of my business. A. As an Asian I regard respect to be the highest ethical value in life. Respecting others, be they owners, employees, customers, and people with better knowledge enhance your learning and experience. Before being proud of one’s own achievement one should always remember that it is the result of teamwork. I remind myself daily of this fact. This is my ethical challenge. Perseverance is a result of tirelessly raising quality standards and attempting to reach them. Once achieved the level has to be maintained and sustained constantly. This requires self-monitoring. Initially it may also require some mentoring and seeking of knowledge. It is a

A Comparative Analysis of Early Childhood Curricula in England, New Essay

A Comparative Analysis of Early Childhood Curricula in England, New Zealand and Sweden - Essay Example way they have handled education matters across the spectrum of the preschool, primary, secondary and high school as well as tertiary education levels. A more comprehensive study thus must be conducted to conduct a comparative exploration of particularly the early childhood curricula of the three named countries. The study must be able to establish the relationship in the curricula of the early childhood education across the three countries as well as to identify the differences. The research must also be able to pit the countries’ curricula designs with existent pedagogical and educational theories to establish the best model tenets and also map out recommendations for the development of the curricula in view of meeting contemporary challenges in early childhood education. To identify perceived feasible way sand theoretical tenets that can be adopted to enhance the curricula to meet contemporary challenges facing early childhood education stakeholders (Learners, educators, parents and the government) This research exercise is not being conducted in a vacuum. The research exercise fits into a broad body of knowledge which has had numerous contributions from various scholars, researchers, professionals and students who have carried similar or related research exercises. Also the scope and objectives of this research endeavor occurs within related and implied theoretical, ideological and philosophical frameworks which largely influence the disciplines of business. As such the researcher is spurred to consider the multiple contributions relevant and related to this research endeavor. The researcher will present a literature review conducted in locating the object of this study within the broader confines of the relevant and related bodies of knowledge in focus. In exploring the contributions that have been made into the debate over childhood teaching approaches and teaching techniques the study will review literature on the child numeric and literacy–oriented

Solitaire Mystery by Jostein Gaarder Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Solitaire Mystery by Jostein Gaarder - Thesis Example The genre of this book is unclear. Some analysts claim it is a fable, novel, fairy story, theoretical and more. Jostein Gaarder is well known for his other work in the book Sophie’s World. Generally, Gaarder is only interested in the ideology that people should think and notice that they are alive. In addition, the people should appreciate the environment they live in citing that the world is a fascinating place. The book â€Å"The Solitaire Mystery† requires thought, as the ideas in it require a good consideration and concentration. As such, several analysts would claim that reading this book is not easy however, for students and researchers it serves as a very good reference. The book is controversial and one could think that it is written for the younger generation only. However, after thorough reading and understanding this book, one finds that there are hidden meanings and concepts that are very useful. For the interested parties in reading this book, one of the re quirements is close attention since complications may rise especially when a reader discovers that there are stories within a story. Due to the cleverness of the text, intelligence is required for any interested reader. The solitaire mystery consists of two seemingly separate stories which include Hans Thomas and the sticky bun book.Twelve year old Hans Thomas goes on a search for his mother. Accompanying him is his father from their home town in Norway to Greece. Han is unaware that his life would be changed forever. Hans Thomas will discover a whole new world filled with mystery. The protagonist takes the readers on a journey as he uncovers the truth about existence and living as he makes the journey with his father. However, Hans Thomas ‘s father had some unethical behavior like smoking which he taught his son and there were instances that they both made stops to smoke together as they journeyed. While stile on their journey, a strange bearded man gives Hans Thomas a magnif ying glass and tells him that he will need it. After a short while Hans Thomas and his father stop in a roadside cafe where Hans Thomas gets a giant sticky bun to eat on his journey. Hans Thomas gets surprised when he finds a tiny book that has small writings that cannot be read with naked eye. Hans starts reading the small book with the aid of the magnifying glass. The Books writing was too small to be read with the naked eye so he begins to read the tiny book using his new magnificent glass. As Hans Thomas continues to read the little book, he discovers that there is a huge connection between him and the sailor described in the book. For example, there is a scene where the sailor finds himself on an island whereby a deck of cards mysteriously come to life. With the help of the magnifying glass, the sticky bun book becomes more interesting as he continues to read it in secret. Generally, the story focuses on a mysterious tale in a strange island, A man by the name Frode owns a pack of cards as well as a drink and in his strange manner, he thinks he can drink anything. As Hans reads, there is the realization that the book has similar implications in his own life and that in a strange manner, he is also a part of the tale it unfolds. A string of strange events occurs on the journey. The sticky bun book In the book sticky bun, there is a storyline of an old baker who is given an amazing drink by the grandfather. The drink came from an island that the grandfather was shipwrecked on as a young man. In this island there is also an old sailor by the name Frode and 50-three other people. Despite not having names the 50 three other people referred to themselves as the numbers of cards (52 cards plus a joker). The red suits are all the women apart from the kings and jacks, whereas all the black suits are all the men except for the queens and aces. Frode then developed a crush on the ace of hearts because she was enchanting even though she was forever losing herself. Th e cards equal to the 50 three

Is Genetic Engineering Ethically Right Philosophy Essay

Is Genetic Engineering Ethically Right Philosophy Essay Is genetic engineering ethically right? Ethics are standards of right and wrong, good and bad. Ethics is the system of moral principles. They influence how people make decisions and guide their lives. Ethics are concerned with what you must to do to fulfill your moral duty. There are two aspects to ethics which are being able to determine what is right or wrong, good or bad and Committing to doing what is right and good. Furthermore being ethical is more than understanding what is the right thing to do therefore you should avoid wrong and bad. Genetic engineering was discovered in 1970. It involves changing the genetic material form organisms. It often involves taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the genetic structure of another organism. It gives the power to change many aspects of nature and could result in a lot of life saving treatment. Genetic engineering is also known as genetic modification or genetic manipulation. There are several areas of genetic engineering for example genetic engineering of animals, crops, embryos, human cells and cloning. Cloning a human performed by taking genetic materials from one or more human and genetically engineering them into the genes of another human, the first mammal to be cloned is Dolly the sheep. Researchers grow some cells from the organism to be cloned, and remove the nucleus from an unfertilized egg cell. They then take one of the cultured cells and implant it in its entirety into the coating around the egg. Then electroshock the egg to cause the two cells to fuse, and implant the new embryo into a surrogate mother. When the baby is born, two genetically identical individuals of different ages and with different birth parents will exist, therefore the original human will have been cloned. Cloning can be useful if there was a situation a couple has one child and they become infertile and cannot have any more children. Cloning would help them to have a second child but it will a younger twin of the child they already have. Moreover if child is lost soon after birth or in a tragic accid ent they could have their baby or child back by cloning them but it would be like a twin unique individuals they will not have the same characteristics. There are small group of people that support cloning. Supporters of cloning that cloning is unethical than growing a plant from a cutting or giving birth to identical twins, both of which involve two separate and distinct organisms with identical genomes. Since identical twins have the exact same genome, but still grow up with different personalities, clones are raised in entirely different time periods and social backgrounds will be entirely individual despite identical genes. Therefore for the supporters cloning is just another scientific topic and they assume it will become a reproductive choice, and those who wish to clone then selves must have the rights to do. Finally the large majority of people argue that cloning humans is both unnatural and unethical. For instance the cloned child wouldnt have a genetic mother or father it would have a single nuclear donor. For instance if a man cloned himself that child would be a new category of relationship to him as his clone, the child cannot be his son or his twin brother therefore the child would face lots of problems when growing up, other childrens at school will have parents but this child wouldnt. Many religions such as Hindu and Islam also object to cloning, they claim that it is playing God. Genetic engineering of animals includes manipulation of genes in animals of any species. Genetic engineering of animals could have been taking place for thousands of years as humans have chosen which characteristics they like in an animal and its appearance. They have performed this in the form of selective breeding they have then breed these animals in a variety of ways. There are three types of genetic engineering that can be used on animals, these are Xenografting- this is performed by using the human DNA to supplement an animal or vice versa and example if this is animal valves and tissue been used in humans. The human body accepts pig valves and hearts this is because the scientists believe that the DNA of pig heart valves was similar enough to humans and that they were interchangeable under some circumstances. They are hoping to make pigs grow human hearts that were coded by the DNA from humans which has not yet reached for clinical trials. If this was successful many of the pe ople lives can be saved using the pigs heart therefore the clients no longer need to wait for human heart. Cloning of animal using the DNA of one animal to another animal with the identical genetic information an example of this is Dolly the sheep. This is done by inserting the DNA of one animal into the foetus of the same species. There are befits on it has great potential as a money making industry and also in producing genetically identical animals for testing and reproduce and clone for example cloning the best cows that produce the most milk or meat this can be quick and cheap for farmers. Finally manipulation this is the changing of animal DNA. An example of this is when scientists had a successful attempt where they genetically engineered a pig to produce human insulin that can be used to treat diabetes, this is very beneficial to humans and it is being used medically to treat type one diabetes. Another type of genetic engineering is genetic modification of embryo also known as designer baby. In genetic engineering ethical issues involved. Ethics Xenografting deals with both human and animal there are ethics involved with both groups. Xenografting gives animals human DNA and human animals DNA. This can question people because an animal cannot contain human DNA as it would not be an animal if it did. Furthermore animals are a step down from human in the food chart therefore if a chicken contain human DNA human might not want to eat something that has the same DNA. What are the current and potential benefits that make genetic engineering of animals worth while? How does the chemical based genetic modification differ from the age old process of selective breeding? Should companies be allowed to patent the genetic modification of an animal? If not, what steps can they take to protect their research? There are endless amounts of questions involved in genetic engineering in general but I think the decisions are particularly jarring with animals because they are very similar to humans; more so than plants. Are humans ready to handle a future where their bloodlines may include animal genes from someone who got a pig/human heart transplant? For genetic engineering of animals to be useful and practical humans must come to grips with coming into contact with animals that contain human genes and vice versa. There may be humans with pig hearts in the very near future. There are also risks associated with any kind of genetic engineering, but if society can agree with it on a basic level it will lead to a lot of good. There is a huge amount of money invested already and even more waiting for a chance. Genetic engineering is the thing of the future. Religious beliefs may be tested, genetic engineering of animals may not be part of the future, but in some form genetic engineering as a whole will have a profound impact on our future. Once genetic engineering of animals is accepted a big issue is the relationship between science and money. Genetic engineering is advancing thanks to the large amounts of green given by corporations who see it as an investment. If they can increase milk production in cows or make animal/human organs that are not susceptible to rejection they will be rich. This kind of research and development has potential as a money making device, a research tool, and in medicine. Conflicts Between Industry and Medicine The battle is between private investments and other money, government and private, looking to advance the science. On one hand genetic engineering of animals has great promise. It could solve the shortage of organs which kills thousands of people each year as they wait in line for an organ they may receive too late. This is something that has great promise as an investment and an asset to society. There are other more short termed money making research projects that debase the scientific community and hurt the welfare of society. These are things associated seldom with the medical field but more often with production. For example the use BGH (Bovine Growth Hormone) in cows to increase their milk production. This was not an medical concern and it has few benefits, except for cutting down on grazing land, but enough milk was already being produced. These production minded projects taint the medical promise of genetic engineering and turn it into a dangerous money making scheme. There a re many risks associated w ith genetic engineering. It is a field that is not completely understood and there are many risks involved; disease (both for one generation or genetically based), infection from animal genes, and a restriction of the genetic base (like inbreeding) with more to come. Genetic engineering will be a part of our future and DNA from non-human animals has already been useful. Soon this explosive new industry will find its limits within societys morals. Cloning Cloning in animals can be accomplished by inserting the DNA of one animal into the fetus of the same specie along with a vector which gets cleans out the DNA already in the embryo. Sometimes the vector does not get rid of the original DNA of the fetus or the fetus does not adopt the new DNA. It took 277 attempts for the scientists to clone Dolly from the skin cell of a six year old. This shows some of the shortcomings of cloning that are likely to change with time. Currently scientists have trouble cloning embryos without miscarriages. The embryos that do take to the new DNA also have a greater likelihood of mutations. An additional problem stems from the fact that the cells come from other animals. Dollys DNA came from a six year old lamb. Now some of the worries, based on chromosome tests of Dollys cells, relate to the fact that while Dolly is only one year old some of her chromosomes have mutations that are common in much older sheep. This means that while Dolly is only one year old she may also have cha racteristics or cells that are seven years old. There are also questions about whether or not the cloned animals will be fertile. Dolly is almost old enough to reproduce now and this will be one test of whether or not cloned animals can be fertile. However, scientists will still want to look at a larger sample size before they decide whether or not cloned animals are infertile. There have been other instances where animals have been successfully cloned. Cloning has great potential as a money making industry and also in producing genetically identical animals for testing. Much of the cloning research in animals thus far has been focused on cattle. There would be great demand for a technology that could reproduce the best cows (produce the most milk, or meat, etc.) quickly and cheaply. Gene Manipulation Thus far the scientists have had bad results trying to manipulate animal genes. There have been good results but many of the studies are still pending. One successful attempt has been the engineering of a pig to produce human insulin that can be used to treat diabetes. Research is also being conducted at both Dartmouth and Duke University over using pigs hearts that have enough human characteristics to keep from being rejected by humans. These pigs would be used for heart and valve transplants. Some of the problems are the difficulty involved with doctoring the genes of a higher level organism and the differences that still exist between humans and animals. Even once pig hearts can be used in humans they will still have a different circulatory system and life expectancy to contend with among other problems. Manipulation-The changing of animal DNA. Genehis means that science can engineer farm animals to grow faster, have healthier meat and flesh, and be less able to feel the pain and suffering often associated with the conditions present in modern factory farms.   Genetically engineered animals are also created to help medical researchers in their quest to find cures for genetic disease, like breast cancer.  Ã‚  Finally, endangered animal species can be cloned, thus helping wildlife management in its goals of preserving wild populations of the earths biological diversity, and by ensuring that endangered animals genetic information will not be lost when the last of the species dies.   This use of modern technology is not without its drawbacks or its critics.  Ã‚  By genetically engineering farm and research animals, critics argue, we may be undoing what nature has worked to create over millions of years.  Ã‚  Natural animals are specifically adapted to a given environment and when science manipulates the genes of a few species in the ecosystem, the entire balance of the ecosystem might fall completely apart causing an unknown number of natural animal species to grow ever extinct.  Others argue that animals should possess, at a bare minimum, the right to be free of genetic manipulation or a reduction in their natural abilities.   Despite this debate, the law in both the United States and in Europe, tends to support genetic engineering research and development by allowing genetically engineered animals to be patented.  Ã‚  Patents give scientists a monopoly over their genetically engineered animal species, something before unheard of in modern economic systems.  Typically, animals could be owned, but never entire species.   Regardless, we must not wait and see what the effects genetic engineering animals will have on the earth.  Ã‚  We must form educated opinions, lobby for government regulation, and hope that whatever direction that bioengineering takes us, is a positive step towards decreased animal suffering, increased environmental sustainability, and an overall compassionate regard for the earth and its precious life. http://www.animallaw.info/topics/tabbed%20topic%20page/spusgenengin.htm The ethical issue of cloning humans has been a debatable topic, for example the controversy over Dolly, the first cloned mammal. Supporters of cloning argue that it is no more unnatural than binary fission, the process by which bacteria reproduce to produce identical copies of themselves; they go on to state that cloning is no more unethical than growing a plant from a cutting or giving birth to identical twins, both of which involve two separate and distinct organisms with identical genomes. Since identical twins have the exact same genome, but still grow up with different personalities, clones raised in entirely different time periods and social contexts will be entirely individual despite identical genes. In this view, cloning is just another scientific topic and will become just another reproductive option, and those who wish to research cloning or to be cloned should not be stopped. There is a small group of people who oppose cloning or at least stop on it for the time being for practical, not moral or ethical, reasons. These people argue that cloning is ethically acceptable, but practically unsound because of the resultant decrease in the genetic diversity of the human gene pool. They also advise more extensive experiments on the effects of cloning on animals before human beings are cloned. Finally, a large majority of people argue that cloning humans is both unnatural and unethical. They cite fears that include: peoples individuality being impaired or ruined due to cloning technologies; aggressor nations creating armies of cloned soldiers to assault other nations; overpopulation due to sudden ease of reproduction; depletion of the human gene pool; and a number of concerns about the moral status of clones. Some go so far as to postulate a stratified society divided into the cloned and the uncloned, and fears about eugenics or of reserving cloning technology to the genetically desirable generally surface. Many religions also object to cloning, again by claiming that it is playing God. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/intro_1.shtml http://www.sbctc.edu/public/trustees/what_are_ethics.pdf ******** http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/evolution/reproductionrev6.shtml http://library.thinkquest.org genetically modified animals ethics read on it http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3078015/ https://govhs.org/vhsweb/Gallery.nsf/Files/Genetic+Engineering,+a+group+project/$file/animal.html http://www.humancloning.org/benefits.php